Quantum Entanglement

Quantum entanglement is a fascinating phenomenon in the realm of quantum physics. Let’s delve into the intricacies:

Definition and Basics

• • Quantum entanglement occurs when two or more particles become interconnected in such a way that their quantum states are inherently linked. These particles can be generated together, interact, or share spatial proximity.
  • Importantly, the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when they are separated by vast distances.

Correlations and Measurement

• • When particles are entangled, measurements of certain properties (like position, momentum, spin, or polarization) on one particle instantaneously affect the other, regardless of the separation.
  • For example, if we have an entangled pair of particles with known total spin zero, measuring the spin of one particle along a specific axis will immediately determine the spin of the other particle along the same axis.

EPR Paradox and Wave Function Collapse

• • The EPR paradox, proposed by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen in 1935, highlighted the seemingly paradoxical nature of entanglement.
  • Any measurement of a particle’s properties leads to an apparent wave function collapse, altering the original quantum state. This behaviour affects the entire entangled system.

Bell Tests and Local Realism

• • Bell’s inequality provides a way to test the predictions of quantum mechanics against local realism (the idea that distant events cannot instantly influence each other).
  • Experiments have verified the counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics, showing that entangled particles do indeed exhibit correlated behaviour, even when separated by large distances.

Instantaneous Action at a Distance

• • Despite the separation, changes induced in one entangled particle instantaneously affect the other. This phenomenon has been experimentally confirmed.
  • Einstein famously referred to this as “spooky action at a distance.”

In summary: quantum entanglement challenges our classical intuitions and plays a crucial role in understanding the fundamental nature of reality at the quantum level

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